Zamjena riječi - supstitucija

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Supstitucija (substitution) je dodatna strategija uz elipsu kojom izbjegavamo nepotrebno ponavljanje spomenutih riječi i izraza. U ovom slučaju, duže izraze ili čak čitave rečenice zamjenjujemo jednostavnim kraćim izrazima, uglavnom jednom riječju.

Među čestim izrazima za supstituciju u zadacima čitanja i slušanja spadaju:

  • supstitucijski izraz 'do'
  • supstitucijski izraz 'so'
  • supstitucijska zamjenica 'one'

Supstitucijski izraz 'do'

Glagol do možemo koristiti kako bismo izbjegli ponavljanje već spomenutih glagola i izraza koji slijede nakon glagola, poput objekta, priložnih oznaka te dopuna subjektu ili objektu (prisjetite se Elemenata rečenice).

Supstitucijski izraz 'do'Zamijenjeni izrazi

I was afraid we wouldn't make it but we did.

... but we made it.

A: Ms. Wealer doesn't work here.

B: Of course she does.

Of course she works here.

Presents don't matter like they did in the past.

... like they mattered in the past.

I still love surfing as much as I did when I was eight years old.

... as much as I loved surfing when I was eight years old.

  • Iz navedenih primjera citata i razgovora uočite da glagolom do zamijenjujemo glagole koji su isključivo u simple aspektu (prisjetite se glagolskih vremena i aspekata):
    • made, works, mattered, loved ...

supstitucija 1 - mobile

Također možemo koristiti izraz do so umjesto glagola i elemenata koji slijede kada govorimo o namjernim i promišljenim radnjama, dakle u kojima se vidi naša ili nečija namjera, a ne kada govorimo o stanjima ili nenamjernim radnjama kao u prethodnim primjerima.

Supstitucijski izraz 'do so'Zamijenjeni izrazi

I promised I would buy the present and I will do so tomorrow.

...I will buy the present tomorrow.

A: Please lock the door.

B: I've already done so.

I've already locked the door.

The receptionist wanted him to leave and asked him to do so quickly.

...asked him to leave quickly.

Supstitucijski izraz 'so'

Riječ so možemo koristiti umjesto dijela rečenice ili surečenice.

Supstitucijski izraz 'so'Zamijenjeni izrazi

A: What? So some kids can't swim?

B: Well, they obviously think so at Aston Camp.

B: Well, they obviously think that some kids can't swim at Aston Camp.

Paul thought that their idea was too messy and he said so.

... and he said that their idea was too messy.

I'm not sure if we'll find them but I hope so.

... but I hope we'll find them.

Are you experiencing issues with your employer? If so, contact your coordinator immediately.

If you are experiencing issues with your employer, contact your coordinator immediately.

Uočite:

  1. supstitucijski izraz so uglavnom zamjenjuje that-rečenice nakon glagola poput:
    think, hope, assume, believe, expect, guess, presume, seem, suppose, suspect, tell, say
  2. Izraz so može zamijeniti i if-rečenicu kao što je vidljivo iz posljednjeg primjera

supstitucija 2 - mobile

Supstitucijska zamjenica 'one'

Neodređenu zamjenicu one (ones za množinu) koristimo umjesto brojivih imenica koje su spomenute istoj rečenici ili razgovoru, a želimo izbjeći njihovo ponavljanje.

Supstitucijska zamjenica 'one'Zamijenjeni izrazi

What is your dream house? I'd like to have a big one with a garden and a pool.

I'd like to have a big house with a garden and a pool.

There are a few photos of the house in Bloomsbury, but you can take a virtual tour of the one in Abbey Wood on their site.

... but you can take a virtual tour of the house in Abbey Wood on their site.

Those four years were exceptionally difficult ones.

Those four years were exceptionally difficult four years.

The questions being raised are valid ones.

The questions being raised are valid questions.

Zamjenica one se često pojavljuje iza superlativa te iza izraza which, this, that, another, either, neither. U istim se izrazima zamjenica one može izostaviti:

  • Which one/Which should we pick?
  • As one door closed another one/another opened.
  • The first option is generally the best one/the best.
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