Pasivni oblik glagola

U engleskom se glagoli mogu pojaviti u dva glavna oblika - aktiv i pasiv

Usporedite u tablici rečenice u svojim aktivnim i pasivnim oblicima:

Aktiv	Pasiv
The Committee approved the project.	The project was approved by the Committee.
Small riverboats transported the stones.	The stones were transported by small riverboats.
Cars deliver heavy parcels.	Heavy parcels are delivered by cars.

Uočite:

subjekt u aktivnim rečenicama preuzima mjesto objekta u pasivnim rečenicama.
objekt u aktivnim rečenicama postaje subjekt u pasivnim

Pasive uglavnom tvorimo na dva načina:

Tvorba	Primjeri
glagol be + Past Participle	The project was approved by the Committee. Not a word was spoken. The letters will be delivered.
glagol *get* + Past Participle	The house got damaged during the hurricane. Zoey finally got promoted. My purse got stolen last night.

Odabir pomoćnog glagola be ili get ponajviše ovisi o dva faktora:

formalnost - u razgovorima i neformalnim situacijama, glagol get se češće koristi nego u formalnim kontekstima
dinamičnost - pasivni oblici s glagolom get stavljaju veći naglasak na dinamičnost radnje i proces sam po sebi
- npr. usporedite:
- be married (stanje) i get married (radnja; proces)
- be damaged (stanje) i got damaged (radnja)
- be stolen (stanje) i got stolen (radnja)

Kratki i dugi pasivni oblici

Razlikujemo dva oblika pasiva:

kratki pasiv - ovo je najčešći oblik pasiva u kojemu je vršitelj radnje izostavljen, a naglasak je na samoj radnji
- The criminal was arrested.
- Team A is voted the winner.
  - Uočite da u ovim slučajevima vršitelji radnje su očiti pa ih nije ni bitno naglasiti (The criminal was arrested by the police.)

dugi pasiv - ovaj oblik sadrži izraz s prepozicijom by nakon kojeg slijedi vršitelj radnje na kojem je stavljen naglasak
- The stones were transported by small riverboats.
- City hall is occupied by protesters.
  - U ovim primjerima, namjera je navesti novu informaciju za čitatelja pri kraju rečenice koja se tiče vršitelja radnje. Upravo izraz s prepozicijom by uvodi tu informaciju.

Koji se glagoli često koriste u pasivu?

U tablici možemo vidjeti primjere s glagolima za koje je visoka vjerojatnost da ćemo ih sresti u njihovim pasivnim oblicima:

Primjeri rečenica s pasivnim glagolima
This is based on the knowledge we've gathered from the past.
George was born about six years later.
The project was approved by the Committee.
Social isolation is associated with greater cognitive decline
The rest were attributed to natural causes.
My girlfriend is inclined to make a big fuss about birthdays
The test has been subjected to severe criticism.
Many government buildings are classified as historic.
These clouds are composed of mainly water.
The bees were confined to their hives.
This course is designed for experienced teachers.
A stroke is diagnosed by medical professionals.
Paper copies are distributed free around campus.
Building cost is estimated at €6 billion.
It is intended to last forever.
These parts are labelled with Roman numerals.

Iz brojnih primjera uočite kako prevladavaju kratki pasivni oblici.

Glagolski aspekti i pasiv

Uz simple, prisjetite se glavna dva glagolska aspekta te kako koristiti pasiv za svaki od njih:

Continuous

Continuous aspekt stavlja naglasak na proces, odnosno, radnju koja se odvija. Uglavnom je riječ o privremenoj radnji. Pasiv u continuous aspektu je izuzetno rijedak, a tvori se na sljedeći način: glagol to be + being + Past Participle

The witnesses were being questioned.
The meeting is being held in the office.

Perfect

Perfect aspekt povezuje dva događaja, najčešće prošlost i sadašnjost, a kada je riječ o pasivu, onda je naglasak na radnji, a ne vršitelju radnje. Tvorba se vrši na sljedeći način: has/have/had + been + Past Participle

A website had been created to explain the process.
It has been decided that calling off the meeting is not an option.

Pasiv s dva objekta

Prisjetite se Elemenata rečenice. Nakon nekih glagola se mogu pojaviti dva objekta - izravni (direct object) i neizravni (indirect object):

Subjekt	Glagol	Neizravni objekt	Izravni bjekt
The government	has sent	my sister	an email.
My friend	bought	me	a concert ticket.

Navedene primjere rečenica moguće je izmijeniti tako da zamijenimo mjesta dva objekta → izravni objekt (an email, a concert ticket) ispred neizravnog objekta (my sister, me)
- u tom slučaju, uvijek stavljamo prepoziciju for ili to ispred neizravnog objekta, ovisno o kojem se glagolu radi:

Subjekt	Glagol	Izravni objekt	Neizravni objekt
The government	has sent	an email	to my sister.
My friend	bought	a concert ticket	for me.

Za obje varijante rečenica postoji i pasivni oblik → pasiv s dva objekta

Aktivna rečenica s dva objekta	Pasivna rečenica s dva objekta
The government has sent my sister an email.	My sister has been sent an email by the government.
My friend bought me a concert ticket.	I was bought a concert ticket by my friend.
The government has sent an email to my sister.	An email has been sent to my sister by the government.
My friend bought a concert ticket for me.	A concert ticket was bought for me by my friend.